Throughout history and around the world, remarkable individuals have taken steps both large and small to protect and advance the rule of law. Lawyers who fight for justice for clients, judges who follow the law even when it defies popular opinion, individual men and women who, despite great personal risks, stand up for due process and for legal systems that treat all people with fairness and dignity — these everyday heroes are guardians of the rule of law who ensure the functioning of democracy and protect human rights. The Lemkin Rule of Law Guardian program honors these remarkable individuals through events and personal interviews that share their stories and remind us all of the power of an individual to make a difference.
The Lemkin Rule of Law Guardian series is named for Raphael Lemkin, one of the leading scholars of human rights of the 20th century. A Polish scholar and lawyer, Lemkin dedicated his life to the study of war crimes and advocated for the use of criminal law to defend peace and prosecute crimes against humanity. He developed both the term and the concept of genocide and in doing so shed light on the insidious practice of systematic elimination of entire cultures and peoples. He came to the United States during WWII as a refugee and joined the Duke Law faculty at the invitation of Duke Law Professor Malcom McDermott, with whom Lemkin had worked on scholarly projects. Lemkin was named a consultant to the U.S. Board of Economic Warfare and Foreign Economic Administration and later became a special adviser on foreign affairs to the War Department, largely due to his expertise in international law. In 1948, he succeeded in securing the passage of the Genocide Convention at the United Nations, which obligated member states to bring crimes of genocide in neighboring nations to trial.
More information about Raphael Lemkin can be found in this feature from Duke Law Magazine. Duke University Libraries also maintains this guide to archives and materials related to Lemkin’s time at Duke from April 1941 to June 1942.
– Honorees –
Judge Esther Salas, 2024
Judge Esther Salas of the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey has been named the 2024 Raphael Lemkin Rule of Law Guardian Medal recipient in recognition of her efforts to strengthen laws that protect the physical safety of judges and their families. Judge Salas will be honored during a program at Duke Law in October. The event will be recorded and archived on Duke Law’s YouTube channel.
In July 2020, a former litigant dressed as a delivery person went to Judge Salas’s home with the goal of assassinating her. When her son, Daniel Anderl, answered the door, the gunman opened fire. He killed Daniel and severely wounded Mark Anderl, Salas’s husband, before committing suicide. Daniel was the couple’s only child and had just celebrated his 20th birthday.
Driven by this unfathomable loss, Judge Salas worked to pass bipartisan legislation to better protect federal judges and their families. She is now leading efforts to assist states in passing similar laws to protect state court judges and their families.
“Judge Salas’s efforts to try to make sure other judges do not have to endure the same sort of horrific tragedy that she and her family endured are nothing short of heroic,” said Paul W. Grimm, a retired federal judge and the David F. Levi Professor of the Practice of Law and Director of the Bolch Judicial Institute at Duke Law School. “Threats to judicial security have increased dramatically in recent years, and Daniel’s Law is an important step toward protecting judges and their families. All judges owe Judge Salas a debt of gratitude for taking this issue on and working so tirelessly in the wake of deep personal tragedy to pass this law and raise awareness of the dangers judges face. The Lemkin Medal is one way the Bolch Institute can honor her work and join her in the effort to protect judges and defend the judiciary from unfair and unwarranted attacks and threats to their personal safety.” Continue Reading »
Additional Links
- Press release announcement of Judge Esther Salas as 2024 Lemkin Medal recipient (judicialstudies.duke.edu)
Professor Harold Hongju Koh, 2023
Professor Harold Hongju Koh of Yale Law School has been named the 2023 recipient of the Raphael Lemkin Rule of Law Guardian Medal by the Bolch Judicial Institute of Duke Law School. Professor Koh was honored during a program on Monday, Oct. 9, 2023, at 12:30 p.m. at Duke Law School. The event was recorded and archived on Duke Law’s YouTube channel.
Koh is internationally recognized as a leading expert in public and private international law, national security law, and human rights. He is a prolific writer and scholar whose career has spanned numerous positions in academia and public service. He served as the 15th Dean of Yale Law School from 2004 until 2009, when he took a leave of absence to serve as legal adviser of the Department of State in the Obama administration. In 2013, he returned to Yale Law School as the Sterling Professor of International Law, where he continues to teach and represent individuals who have suffered human rights abuses. He is currently among the lawyers representing Ukraine at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in The Hague asking the court to declare Russia in violation of three international treaties.
“Professor Koh is an outstanding exemplar of the core ideals embodied by the Lemkin Medal,” said Paul W. Grimm, the David F. Levi Professor of the Practice of Law and Director of the Bolch Judicial Institute at Duke Law School. “He has long used the law as a means to peacefully hold human rights abusers accountable, and his scholarship, writings, and advocacy have meaningfully advanced the rule of law.”
Additional Links
- Press release announcement of Prof. Harold Koh as the 2023 Lemkin Medal recipient (judicialstudies.duke.edu)
- Video recording of event held on Oct. 9, 2023 at Duke Law School (YouTube)
Professor James E. Coleman, Jr., 2022
Professor James E. Coleman Jr. is the John S. Bradway Professor of the Practice of Law, director of the Center for Criminal Justice and Professional Responsibility, and director of the Wrongful Convictions Clinic at Duke Law. A beloved member of the Duke University faculty for more than 25 years, Coleman is a nationally recognized leader in pursuing justice for the wrongfully convicted and for death penalty reform.
Coleman’s career has been distinguished by his insistence that every person accused of a crime has a constitutional right to a robust defense and to due process. In the late 1980s, Coleman represented serial killer Ted Bundy during his death-row appeals in Florida. In 2006, Coleman chaired Duke University’s ad-hoc committee charged with examining the disciplinary record of Duke’s men’s lacrosse team after three players were accused of rape. Amid overwhelming public outrage and a broadly held assumption that the players were guilty, Coleman was the lone voice urging due process for the accused students and warning all involved against a rush to judgment. Throughout his time at Duke he has directed clinical programs — in appellate litigation, death penalty, and wrongful convictions — designed to ensure that the system in all of its parts is true to its constitutional commitments.
Time and again, in the face of fervent criticism and personal threats, Coleman has steadfastly fought for justice and fair treatment of individuals accused of crimes — even for the most unpopular of clients.
“Professor Coleman has always stood for the highest ideals of our justice system,” said David F. Levi, Levi Family Professor of Law and Judicial Studies and director of the Bolch Judicial Institute at Duke Law. “He has dedicated his career and life’s work to holding our justice system to its promise of justice for every citizen. He also is a superb teacher in the classroom and a wonderful teacher by example in the courtroom and in the cases that he has handled. He has shown generations of law students, as well as so many of his colleagues, that lawyers must stand for justice, even when the client is reviled by the public and stands accused by the government.”
Additional Links
Benjamin B. Ferencz, 2020
Benjamin B. Ferencz was born in 1920 in Transylvania (then part of Hungary, now a region in Romania). When he was 10 months old, his family moved to New York City to escape religious persecution. He became deeply interested in issues of peace and justice at a young age and studied crime prevention at City College of New York. After graduating from Harvard Law School in 1943, he joined the U.S. Army and was assigned to the 115th AAA Gun Battalion, an anti-aircraft artillery unit that fought in many of the major campaigns in Europe. Then, as part of a newly created War Crimes branch, he assisted in collecting evidence for the prosecution of such crimes and visited several concentration camps, an experience he later described as having “peered into Hell.”
After he was honorably discharged from the Army in 1945, he was recruited to assist in the Nuremberg Trials, prosecuting war crimes perpetrated by the Nazis. He became chief prosecutor for the United States in the Einsatzgruppen Case, “the biggest murder trial in history” according to the Associated Press. Twenty-two defendants were charged with the murder of more than one million people; all were convicted and 13 were sentenced to death. Ferencz later assisted in reparation and rehabilitation efforts for the victims of Nazi crimes, participated in negotiations that led to the Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany and the first German Restitution Law in 1953, and then entered into private law practice in the United States.
He has published several books, including Defining International Aggression-The Search for World Peace (1975), An International Criminal Court-A Step Toward World Peace (1980), and Enforcing International Law-A Way to World Peace (1985), and has worked with the International Criminal Court and served as an adjunct professor at Pace University in New York. In 2009, Ferencz was awarded the Erasmus Prize, in recognition of notable contributions to European culture, society, or social science. In April 2017, The Hague renamed a footpath next to the Peace Palace as the Benjamin Ferenczpad (Benjamin Ferencz path), calling him “one of the figureheads of international justice.” Ferencz also is the subject of a documentary, Prosecuting Evil, by director Barry Avrich (available on Netflix). Learn more about Ferencz’s life and work on his website, benferencz.org.
Additional Links
- Video recording of A Conversation with Benjamin B. Ferencz (YouTube)
- Last living Nuremberg Trial prosecutor recalls his work on the Einsatzgruppen Trial (judicature.duke.edu)
- Nuremberg prosecutor and Lemkin Medal recipient Benjamin Ferencz dies at 103 (judicialstudies.duke.edu)